Northern Study Area
Change Detection Statistics Report
for Northern Study Area 1995 to 2014
by Percent (%)
Initial State Class | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ice | Saturated H2O | H2O | Light H2O | Wet Vegetation | Dense Vegetation | Mid Vegetation | Grassland | Sparse | Dry | ||
Final State Class | Ice | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.006 | 0.013 |
Saturated H2O | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |
H2O | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0 | 0 | |
Light H2O | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.005 | 0.002 | |
Wet Vegetation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 44.757 | 4.611 | 0.022 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.004 | |
Dense Vegetation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 42.921 | 28.66 | 0.295 | 0.044 | 0.068 | 0.073 | |
Mid Vegetation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6.554 | 46.461 | 40.059 | 7.24 | 0.441 | 0.491 | |
Grassland | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.996 | 14.528 | 52.955 | 70.747 | 25.149 | 8.249 | |
Sparse | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.386 | 4.797 | 5.428 | 19.01 | 61.372 | 53.955 | |
Dry | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.187 | 0.273 | 0.313 | 1.695 | 10.969 | 34.706 | |
Class Total | 100 | 100 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
Class Changes | 100 | 100 | 0 | 100 | 55.243 | 71.34 | 59.941 | 29.253 | 38.628 | 65.294 | |
Image Difference | -74.091 | 25 | 0 | 454.545 | -35.88 | -35.143 | -31.66 | -0.733 | 27.435 | -30.154 |
The Northern Virunga region is the first region to be analyzed in using ISODATA to show the deforestation occurring in Virunga. Wet vegetation sees a 35% decrease in overall presence in the subsetted area. 42% of areas that were formerly occupied with wet vegetation became dense vegetation, 6% became mid vegetation, 2% became grassland, 1% became sparse vegetation and less <1% became dryland (51% decrease). Dense vegetation saw a 35% decrease in overall presence on the map as well. 46% of areas that were marked as dense vegetation became mid vegetation, 14% became grassland, 4% became sparse vegetation and <1% became dryland (64% decrease). Mid vegetation experienced a 31% decrease overall in the area. 52% of land cover that was formerly mid vegetation became grassland, 5% became sparse vegetation and <1% became dryland (57% decrease). Grassland saw less than 1% decrease in presence on the map overall. However, 19% of area that was grassland experienced a change to sparse vegetation and a 1% change to dryland (20% decrease). Finally Sparse vegetation saw a 27% increase in presence on the map overall, while 10% of which degraded to dryland. Dryland overall saw a 30% reduction in the subsetted area.
Some things to note are that the subsetted area is actually relatively clear of cloud cover. It may be that some of the dry signals that come up in the image are related to clouds, however for the most part the dryland noted in corresponding images lines up with the ISODATA received. Additionally a river that runs through the middle of Virunga's boundaries happened to come up with a spectral signature related to vegetation. While it is odd for such a result to come up in only this set of data there may be a reason behind it. Perhaps there is some kind of aquatic vegetation that may be present in this part of the region. Perhaps it borders it, as the river in question happens to be thinner than most others in the area surveyed, allowing for the chance that the 20 meter resolution may in fact pick up a fair amount more vegetation than water if it's big enough. Or it may even be a combination of both. Regardless it was necessary to point this out when surveying the data.
The focus within the border of the park clearly shows a decrease in the amount of healthy green spectral signatures found in 1995. There is minimal change of grassland to sparse vegetation within Virunga's border, with most of that change being present in the area West of the park's boundaries. However it cannot be denied that areas with mid vegetation and dense vegetation have gone down in Virunga, instead becoming grassland with low vegetation.
Some things to note are that the subsetted area is actually relatively clear of cloud cover. It may be that some of the dry signals that come up in the image are related to clouds, however for the most part the dryland noted in corresponding images lines up with the ISODATA received. Additionally a river that runs through the middle of Virunga's boundaries happened to come up with a spectral signature related to vegetation. While it is odd for such a result to come up in only this set of data there may be a reason behind it. Perhaps there is some kind of aquatic vegetation that may be present in this part of the region. Perhaps it borders it, as the river in question happens to be thinner than most others in the area surveyed, allowing for the chance that the 20 meter resolution may in fact pick up a fair amount more vegetation than water if it's big enough. Or it may even be a combination of both. Regardless it was necessary to point this out when surveying the data.
The focus within the border of the park clearly shows a decrease in the amount of healthy green spectral signatures found in 1995. There is minimal change of grassland to sparse vegetation within Virunga's border, with most of that change being present in the area West of the park's boundaries. However it cannot be denied that areas with mid vegetation and dense vegetation have gone down in Virunga, instead becoming grassland with low vegetation.
Central Study Area
Change Detection Statistics Report
for Central Study Area 1995 to 2005
by Percent (%)
Initial State Class | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ice | Saturated H20 | H2O | Light H2O | Wet Vegetation | Dense Vegetation | Mid Vegetation | Grassland | Sparse | Dry | ||
Final State Class | Ice | 0.819 | 0.017 | 0.011 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.02 |
Saturated H2O | 8.549 | 0.396 | 0.77 | 0.144 | 0.034 | 0.028 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.153 | 0.595 | |
H2O | 18.17 | 87.921 | 35.351 | 3.003 | 0.821 | 0.789 | 1.612 | 3.237 | 5.332 | 9.337 | |
Light H2O | 18.49 | 3.499 | 5.581 | 0.831 | 0.216 | 0.186 | 0.269 | 0.506 | 0.869 | 2.894 | |
Wet Vegetation | 14.955 | 1.768 | 8.01 | 2.846 | 0.753 | 0.569 | 0.726 | 1.179 | 1.856 | 4.816 | |
Dense Vegetation | 9.557 | 1.816 | 14.303 | 34.252 | 7.11 | 2.34 | 2.539 | 3.679 | 5.671 | 8.605 | |
Mid Vegetation | 5.629 | 1.287 | 11.548 | 29.311 | 29.312 | 8.611 | 5.591 | 5.871 | 7.561 | 9.795 | |
Grassland | 2.693 | 0.807 | 8.635 | 13.462 | 34.072 | 30.989 | 14.158 | 11.609 | 13.596 | 14.885 | |
Sparse | 1.501 | 0.471 | 6.734 | 9.374 | 18.247 | 31.968 | 27.686 | 19.078 | 20.679 | 21.107 | |
Dry | 19.638 | 2.018 | 9.055 | 6.776 | 9.433 | 24.52 | 47.367 | 54.739 | 44.277 | 27.947 | |
Class Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
Class Changes | 99.181 | 99.604 | 64.649 | 99.169 | 99.247 | 97.66 | 94.409 | 88.391 | 79.321 | 72.053 | |
Image Difference | -97.385 | -97.964 | 180.032 | -92.018 | -93.406 | -48.638 | 144.219 | 654.547 | 1123.923 | 112.846 |
The Central Virunga area particularly highlights the immense deforestation occurring within the park- as the map sees a healthy green image in 1995 become pink, indicating a major shift to low grassland within the region. The data backs this visualization up as well, as Wet vegetation sees a striking 93% decrease while there is 48% less dense vegetation in the area. Both of these deficiencies are offset by a 144% increase in mid vegetation, 654% increase in grassland, 1123% increase in sparse vegetation and 112% increase in dryland. Looking at each individual mark in the data wet vegetation experiences a 29% change to mid vegetation, a 34% change to grassland, an 18% change to grassland and a 9% change to grassland (90% decrease overall). Dense vegetation sees an 8% change to mid vegetation, 30% change to grassland, 31% change to sparse vegetation and 24% change to dryland (93% decrease). Mid Vegetation sees a 14% change to grassland, 27% change to sparse vegetation and 47% Change to dryland (88% decrease). Grassland sees a 19% change to sparse vegetation and 54% change to dryland (73% decrease). Finally Sparse vegetation sees a 44% decrease to dryland in the area.
Some things to note is that some of the Dry regions that come up on the maps are the result of cloud cover- namely the area over Lake Edward and around Mount Baker in the North Eastern portion of the map. Additionally, the H2O patches that come up in the southern and western regions are related to passing clouds. The 2005 image also sees some cloud cover over Mount Baker as well, in addition to some sporadic clouds over the left side of the image. The light H2O that comes up on the Northern portion of the 1995 is most likely due to the moisture levels of the wet vegetation in the area combined with some light levels of moisture in the region that is likely associated with faint cloud cover. Given that the images were obtained under 0% Max Cover conditions on GloVis the rest of the image can be called accurate for their findings.
The Rwenzori Mountains, where Mount Baker is found, did not experience any major eruptions during the time between 1995 and 2005. This can be seen on the map given the fact that there is not any deforestation that stems out from the peaks of these mountains, instead seeing a glacial reduction and conversion to vegetation over the landscape. The Rwenzoeri Glacier Retreat has been well documented, which as of 2010 has seen a 50% loss in glacial cover over 20 years. The overall change to Sparse Vegetation and Grassland in the images stands out as the result of some other kind of major disturbance. The ISODATA collected indicates that this area of the Democratic Republic of the Congo experienced a great shift during the time of war, while still leaving causes open to question.
Some things to note is that some of the Dry regions that come up on the maps are the result of cloud cover- namely the area over Lake Edward and around Mount Baker in the North Eastern portion of the map. Additionally, the H2O patches that come up in the southern and western regions are related to passing clouds. The 2005 image also sees some cloud cover over Mount Baker as well, in addition to some sporadic clouds over the left side of the image. The light H2O that comes up on the Northern portion of the 1995 is most likely due to the moisture levels of the wet vegetation in the area combined with some light levels of moisture in the region that is likely associated with faint cloud cover. Given that the images were obtained under 0% Max Cover conditions on GloVis the rest of the image can be called accurate for their findings.
The Rwenzori Mountains, where Mount Baker is found, did not experience any major eruptions during the time between 1995 and 2005. This can be seen on the map given the fact that there is not any deforestation that stems out from the peaks of these mountains, instead seeing a glacial reduction and conversion to vegetation over the landscape. The Rwenzoeri Glacier Retreat has been well documented, which as of 2010 has seen a 50% loss in glacial cover over 20 years. The overall change to Sparse Vegetation and Grassland in the images stands out as the result of some other kind of major disturbance. The ISODATA collected indicates that this area of the Democratic Republic of the Congo experienced a great shift during the time of war, while still leaving causes open to question.
Southern Study Area
Change Detection Statistics Report
for Southern Study Area 1987 to 2005
by Percent (%)
Initial State Class |
|||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ice | Saturated H2O | H2O | Light H2O | Wet Vegetation | Dense Vegetation | Mid Vegetation | Grassland | Sparse | Dry | ||
Final State Class |
Ice | 0 | 0.026 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Saturated H2O | 6.173 | 24.641 | 7.292 | 0.011 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
H2O | 32.099 | 14.92 | 8.608 | 12.843 | 0.461 | 0.079 | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.004 | |
Light H2O | 37.037 | 26.6 | 44.062 | 6.364 | 3.826 | 1.719 | 0.115 | 0.016 | 0.032 | 0.055 | |
Wet Vegetation | 13.58 | 11.262 | 17.651 | 19.181 | 8.026 | 2.403 | 0.285 | 0.435 | 0.652 | 0.697 | |
Dense Vegetation | 1.235 | 6.951 | 15.004 | 44.852 | 38.114 | 12.761 | 1.613 | 1.703 | 2.776 | 2.993 | |
Mid Vegetation | 3.704 | 6.924 | 2.111 | 10.274 | 32.608 | 40.2 | 16.913 | 5.505 | 4.269 | 6.979 | |
Grassland | 3.704 | 1.934 | 2.838 | 3.858 | 11.647 | 30.375 | 48.843 | 33.981 | 18.328 | 13.51 | |
Sparse | 0 | 0.706 | 1.26 | 1.707 | 4.175 | 10.379 | 28.055 | 46.453 | 45.717 | 19.83 | |
Dry | 2.469 | 6.036 | 1.174 | 0.911 | 1.142 | 2.083 | 4.173 | 11.905 | 28.223 | 55.931 | |
Class Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
Class Changes | 100 | 75.359 | 91.392 | 93.636 | 91.974 | 87.239 | 83.087 | 66.019 | 54.283 | 44.069 | |
Image Difference | 225.926 | 156.807 | -33.633 | -31.679 | -71.358 | -60.727 | -32.869 | 34.466 | 150.855 | 44.902 |
The Southern region stretches out from the lower shores of Lake Edward to the edges of Mount Nyiragongo and Mount Nyamuragira. The data shows a 71% loss of Wet Vegetation in the subsetted area, a 60% loss of dense vegetation and a 32% loss of mid vegetation. This is all offset by a 34% increase in grassland, a 150% increase in sparse vegetation and a 44% increase in dryland. Looking at each individual change wet vegetation saw 38% shift to dense vegetation, 32% became mid vegetation, 11% became grassland, 4% became sparse vegetation and 1% become dryland (An 86% decrease). Dense vegetation saw a 40% shift to mid vegetation, 30% became grassland, 10% became sparse vegetation and 2% became dryland (An 82% decrease). Mid vegetation saw a 48% shift to grassland, 28% became sparse vegetation and 4% became dryland (80% decrease). Grassland saw a 46% shift to sparse vegetation and an 11% change to dryland (57% decrease). Finally Sparse vegetation saw a 28% shift to dryland.
Some things to note is that the two images are slightly off in the area being surveyed, as seen in the northern portion of the images with slightly more of Lake Edward being present in the 2005 image in comparison to the 1987 image. Additionally there is a presence of H2O found along Mount Nyiragongo and Mount Nyamuragira, which is likely due to the volcanic activity in the area giving erratic spectral signatures. The flow path of these H2O related signatures would back this up, in addition to the documented eruptions of each volcano. Mount Nyiragongo experienced eruptions in 1982, 1994-96 as well as two separate eruptions in 2002, one of which created an ongoing lava lake at the site. Mount Nyamuragira on the other hand is recognized as Africa's most active volcano and experienced eruptions in 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2004. As a result the area has a good amount of geothermal activity in the landscape and may even contain fluid lava in some form. This in addition to steam being released from the surface would likely give the presence of H2O spectral signatures to the sensors, thus explaining the area in question.
Focusing on the area within the border it is clear to see a shift from green to pink in the center region of the image, in addition to the lower portions around the boundaries. Additionally the reduction of Wet and Dense Vegetation regions to signatures related to Mid Vegetation is omnipresent in the area around Nyiragongo in particular. Despite the fact that the Dryland to the North is more or less unchanged it is clear that there is also deforestation occurring in the Southern region of Virunga as indicated by the ISODATA.
Some things to note is that the two images are slightly off in the area being surveyed, as seen in the northern portion of the images with slightly more of Lake Edward being present in the 2005 image in comparison to the 1987 image. Additionally there is a presence of H2O found along Mount Nyiragongo and Mount Nyamuragira, which is likely due to the volcanic activity in the area giving erratic spectral signatures. The flow path of these H2O related signatures would back this up, in addition to the documented eruptions of each volcano. Mount Nyiragongo experienced eruptions in 1982, 1994-96 as well as two separate eruptions in 2002, one of which created an ongoing lava lake at the site. Mount Nyamuragira on the other hand is recognized as Africa's most active volcano and experienced eruptions in 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2004. As a result the area has a good amount of geothermal activity in the landscape and may even contain fluid lava in some form. This in addition to steam being released from the surface would likely give the presence of H2O spectral signatures to the sensors, thus explaining the area in question.
Focusing on the area within the border it is clear to see a shift from green to pink in the center region of the image, in addition to the lower portions around the boundaries. Additionally the reduction of Wet and Dense Vegetation regions to signatures related to Mid Vegetation is omnipresent in the area around Nyiragongo in particular. Despite the fact that the Dryland to the North is more or less unchanged it is clear that there is also deforestation occurring in the Southern region of Virunga as indicated by the ISODATA.